I. Japanese Reunification--Japan experienced three major changes between 1500 and 1800: internal and external military conflicts, political growth and strengthening and expanded commercial and cultural contacts.
1. The rule of the daimyo
warlords--by the 1100s different parts of Japan had fallen under the rule of warlords known as daimyo, who themselves commanded the rule of the warriors of Japanese warriors, who were known as samurai.
2. Hideyoshi invaded the Asian
mainland--by 1592, a Japanese warlord known as Hidyoshi emerged victorious, and he immediately set his eyes on taking command of other areas in Asia--Korea and China.
3. Desired to conquer Korea and
make himself emperor of China: Hideyoshi had delusions of grandeur, and was determined to make himself emperor of China; his first step was to control Korea. The Koreans resisted however, using much of the military know-how they had acquired. Hideyoshi countered this resistance with brutal repression
4. Korea and China suffered under
Japanese invasion--Hideyoshi died in 1598, and shortly afterward the Japanese withdrew from Korea. The left behind a devastated peninsula and destabilized society. After the Japanese withdrawal, the Korean yangban laid claim to so much tax-paying land that the royal revenue may have fallen by as much as two thirds. This devastation also led to the Manchu invasion of Korea, as well; the country was reduced to being a vassal state of China's
B.
The Tokugawa Shogunate, to 1800
1. Came to power following the death of Hideyoshi--Tokugawa Ieyasu was able to overcome the other warlords after Hideyoshi's death. Although Tokugawa gave Japan more political stability than the country had seen seen in decades, the Daimyo still controlled much of the countryside
2. New shogunate capital was
located in Edo (Tokyo)--the Tokugawa Shogunate was located in Edo (present-day Tokyo) and the Daimyo were required to visit the new palace on a regular basis; this promoted trade along the routes to the city, and made the merchant class more prosperous than had previously been the case. The merchants used this prosperity to cultivate close alliances with regional daimyo, and at times with the shogun himself. By the end of the 1700s, the merchant families held the key to modernization and development of heavy industry.
3. Era of high artistic
achievement in Japan: the greater prosperity led to a great flowering of the arts in the country, as artisans created more attractive goods to make more money.
1. Contact first with the
Portuguese, then Dutch and Spain--the Japanese at first welcomed European visitors, eager to exchange trade goods.
2. New trade routes open between
China, Japan, and European merchants--Japan, China, and European traders established there own kind of triangular trade, although Japanese merchants probably benefited least from this arrangement
3. Catholic missionaries, Francis
Xavier--with the entry of the Portuguese and Spanish traders, clergy were not far behind. The Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier, attempted to appeal to the economic and social elites, leaving the conversion of the lesser people of Japan to the Dominicans and other religious orders.
4. Government began to persecute
Christians--with the death of Xavier, there was also a waning of influence of Catholicism, which quickly led to there persecution of the sect.
5. Enforced trade restrictions to
protect Japanese culture--European trade goods were now seen as corrupting Japanese society, and contact with Europeans and their trade goods were more heavily restricted.
1. Instability of rice prices
created economic decline for the samurai--during the 1700s, this prosperity contributed to a great deal of population growth. Because the samurai were restricted in the price for which they sold rice--while regular commercial merchants were not, samurai were becoming impoverished, while many peasants could not afford to purchase enough rice to geed a family.
2. The “Forty-Seven Ronin”
incident in Japan.
II. The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires: Like Japan, China after 1500 experienced civil and foreign wars, an important change in government, and new trading and cultural relations with its Asian neighbors as well as with Europe.
1. Chinese integration into the
trade world created a demand for more goods.
a. silk
b. cotton
c. porcelain
2.
Chinese contributions to the arts--the prosperity of economic elites led to a flowering of the arts, particularly working with porcelain (particularly for the European market).
3.
Economy grows under the Ming Empire.
B. Ming Collapse and the Rise of the Qing--climate change, and the world-wide inflation bubble created by the discovery of Central and South American gold led to agricultural prices rising above what peasants in the countryside could afford.
1.
Internal rebellion and the rise of Manchu power.
2.
Because of the Japanese invasion, the Ming sought assistance of Manchu
troops.
3.
Manchu military leaders claimed all of China.
4. Manchu family headed the new Qing Empire.
1. Portuguese establish the trading port of Macao.
2.
Spain conducted trade from its base out of the Philippines.
3.
Catholic missionaries accompanied the Portuguese and the Spanish into
China.
1. Military,
cultural and economic improvements under the new emperor.
2.
Increased foreign trade.
3. Rivaled for control of Pacific coast in North Asia against Russia.
4.
Drove Christian missionaries out and set out to settle the Mongolian
frontier.
5. Later Qing emperors persecuted Christians.
E.
Chinese Influences on Europe
1.
Jesuit writings about China create European interest.
2.
Chinese writings inspire European thinkers.
1.
The East India Company became interested in China’s markets.
2. Macartney mission.
3.
Europe frustrated by the lack of Chinese interest in trading.
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